language shapes how you think

Artikel in NYT over Sapir Worff en dus ook in relatie tot language identity

Gedrag en wetenschap Teleac

Filmpje over Kluger Hans en meer

Pratende paarden Horses of Elberfeld

Communiceren dieren?


1“When Pfungst (1911) demonstrated that the horses of Elberfeld, who were showing marvelous linguistic and mathematical
ability, were merely reacting.to movements of the trainer’s head, Mr. Krall (1911), their owner, met the criticism in the most
direct manner. He asked the horses whether they could see such small movements and in answer they spelled out an emphatic
‘No.’ Unfortunately we cannot all be so sure that our questions are understood or obtain such clear answers.” See Lashley,
K. S., ”Persistent Problems in the Evolution of Mind” in Quarterly Review of Biology, v. 24, March, 1949, p. 28.
(Weaver, 1949)

Some twenty years ago there lived in Berlin an old misanthrope named Wilhelm von Osten. He was a man with a small private income, a little eccentric in his ways and obsessed by one idea, the intelligence of animals. He began by undertaking the education of a horse that gave him no very definite results. But, in 1900, he became the owner of a Russian stallion who, under the name of Hans, to which was soon added the Homeric and well-earned prefix of Kluge, or Clever, was destined to upset all our notions of animal psychology and to raise questions that rank among the most unexpected and the most absorbing problems which man has yet encountered.

Thanks to Von Osten, whose patience, contrary to what one might think, was in no wise angelic but resembled rather a frenzied obstinacy, the horse made rapid and extraordinary progress. This progress is very aptly described by Professor E. Clarapede, of the university of Geneva, who says, in his excellent monograph on the Elberfeld horses:

"After making him familiar with various common ideas, such as right, left, top, bottom and so on, his master began to teach him arithmetic by the intuitive method. Hans was brought to a table on which were placed first one, then two, then several small skittles. Von Osten, kneeling beside Hans, uttered the corresponding numbers, at the same time making him strike as many blows with his hoof as there were skittles on the table. Before long, the skittles were replaced by figures written on a blackboard. The results were astonishing. The horse was capable not only of counting (that is to say, of striking as many blows as he was asked), but also of himself making real calculations, of solving little problems. . . .

"But Hans could do more than mere sums: he knew how to read; he was a musician, distinguishing between harmonious and dissonant chords. He also had an extraordinary memory: he could tell the date of each day of the current week. In short, he got through all the tasks which an intelligent schoolboy of fourteen is able to perform."

Clever Hans
http://www.answers.com/topic/elberfeld-horses

Damn interesting


rekenende pony

en een arabisch paard

site over communicatie

http://www.communicatiemodel.nl/wat_is_communicatie.htm

Laten we ‘eenvoudig’ beginnen.
Communicatie is een trilling.
Stembanden trillen, er wordt energie uitgewisseld en energie is een trilling.
Misschien moet er nog bij:
Tussen levende wezens.

Een sterke definitie van communicatie wordt gehanteerd door de Groningse hoogleraar communicatie Gisela Redeker.

'Communicatie is het scheppen van
gemeenschappelijke betekenis.'


Communicatie is de uitwisseling van symbolische informatie,
die plaatsvindt tussen mensen
die zich bewust zijn van elkaars aanwezigheid,
onmiddellijk of gemedieerd.
Deze informatie wordt deels bewust, deels onbewust
gegeven, ontvangen en geïnterpreteerd.

taalintensiteit is effectief

studie naar het effect van taalintensiteit op respons op enquetes.
Blijkt dat hogere intensiteit effectiever is.

theo jansen over tekens; index, symbol, icon

Laat zien dat rook niet een indexicaal teken voor vuur is. Je gebruikt namelijk geen rook om aan te geven dat er vuur is. Bijproduct. Dus sporen ook niet?

verder zijn woorden symbolisch, maar soms ook indexicaal, als toilet op een deur staat, of als je het woord ik gebruikt, om jezelf mee aan te duiden (wie dan nog meer?)

het woord is dan verbonden met de directe aanwezigheid van het aangeduidene

icoon: de vorm lijkt op wat wordt aangeduid
index: de vorm houdt fysiek verband met wat wordt aangeduid
symbool: de vorm houdt volgens gebruiksregels verband met wat wordt aangeduid

denotatie, decoderen

arbeid in beeld, site waarin betekenisgeving wordt uitgelegd, en nog op beeld wordt toegepast ook (denk ik)