Artikel van Gudykunst en
Matsumoto
Artikel van Harzing
http://ccm.sagepub.com/content/6/2/243.abstract
Studies of attitudes across countries generally rely on a comparison of
aggregated mean scores to Likert-scale
questions. This presupposes that when people
complete a questionnaire, their answers are based on the
substantive
meaning of the items to which they
respond. However, people's responses are also influenced by
their response style. Hence, the studies we conduct
might simply reflect differences in the way people
respond
to surveys, rather than picking up real differences
in management phenomena across countries. Our
26-country
study shows that there are major
differences in response styles between countries that both confirm and
extend
earlier research. Country-level characteristics
such as power distance, collectivism, uncertainty
avoidance
and extraversion all significantly influence
response styles such as acquiescence and extreme response
styles.
Further, English-language
questionnaires are shown to elicit a higher level of middle
responses,
while questionnaires in a respondent's native
language result in more extreme response styles.
Finally, English-language
competence is positively related to
extreme response styles and negatively related to middle response
styles.
We close by discussing implications for
cross-national research.
En hier van
Johnson et al.
The authors investigated at the country level the effects of four
cultural orientations identified and studied by Hofstede
on two commonly recognized response biases: extreme
response style and acquiescent responding. Data are presented from
approximately
18,000 survey questionnaires completed by employees
in 19 nations on five continents (Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Czech
Republic,
Germany, Hungary, India, Japan, Malaysia, Portugal,
Turkey, the United Kingdom, Mexico, the Philippines, Poland, Singapore,
Hong Kong, France, and Italy). Hierarchical linear
modeling was employed to examine the associations between person-level
response styles and country-level cultural
orientations. Consistent with theoretical expectations, power distance
and masculinity
were found to be positively and independently
associated with extreme response style. Individualism, uncertainty
avoidance,
power distance, and masculinity were each found to
be negatively associated with acquiescent response behavior. Further
research
is needed to identify how question characteristics
might interact with cultural orientations to influence response
behavior.
En deze is van
Herk en Verhallen et al.
In cross-cultural studies with social variables such as values or
attitudes, it is often assumed that differences in scores
can be compared at face value. However, response
styles like acquiescence and extreme response style may affect answers,
particularly
on rating scales. In three sets of data from
marketing studies, each with representative samples fromat least
threeoutofsix
countries(Greece,Italy, Spain,France,Germany,
andthe United Kingdom), these two response styles were found to be more
present
in the Mediterranean than in Northwestern Europe.
Evidence for response style effects was not only found in response
distributions
on rating scales, but also in discrepancies of
these distributions with national consumer statistics and self-reported
actual
behavior.
En dan nog deze:
Conversing across cultures: East-West communication styles in work and nonwork contexts.
Sanchez-Burks, Jeffrey; Lee, Fiona; Choi, Incheol; Nisbett, Richard; Zhao, Shuming; Koo, Jasook
